Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Research Article, Issue 1
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemis try Journal
Journal home page: www.amecj.com/ir
AMECJ
Preparation of recycled poly s tyrene derivatives to remove
heavy metal ions from contaminated water
Hadi Salman Al-Lamia,*, Hussein Ali Al-Mosawia, and Nadhum Abdulnabi Awada
aDepartment of Chemi s try, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
ABSTRACT
In recent years, numerous researchers have concentrated on the
process of turning wa s te into usable materials. Poly s tyrene and its
๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
due to their out s tanding ion exchange behavior toward various
toxic heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Therefore, this s tudy is
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
resins for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+ heavy metal ions from
their contaminated water samples based on the sulfonated single-
used poly s tyrene teacup wa s te (SPS), which was used to prepare
sulfonated poly s tyrene-g-acrylamide monomer (SPS-g-Acryl) and
sulfonated poly s tyrene-g-chitosan (SPS-g-Chit) using commercial
chitosan (DD=85%) originally extracted from shrimp cortex. The
concentrations of the selected heavy metal ions were measured
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
spectrometer (F-AAS). The analytical s tudies s tarted by exploring
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+ from their aqueous solutions. The obtained results
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜
๎™Š๎˜๎˜ค๎™†๎™•๎™œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
the inve s tigated ions, with SPS-g-Chit resin being the be s t in both
batching and column loading methods, and they could be compared
in the following order: SPS-g-Chit > SPS-g-Acryl > SPS, and it could
be reused after regeneration.
Keywords:
Sulfonated poly s tyrene,
Chitosan,
Grafting,
Acrylamide,
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜
Flame atomic absorption spectrometer
ARTICLE INFO:
Received 7 Dec 2022
Revised form 17 Feb 2023
๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–
*Corresponding Author: ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ
Email: hadi.abbas@uobasrah.edu.iq
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜’๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎™™๎˜™๎˜‘๎™Œ๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜•๎˜–
------------------------
1. Introduction
Water is one of the mo s t crucial natural resources
for the survival of all living forms, food security,
economic development, and welfare. De-pollution
๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ
be replicated for many purposes and co s ts a lot to ship
[1]. The worldโ€™s freshwater habitats represent about
๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
km3 of freshwater. Only one percent of the earthโ€™s
water is in rivers and s treams. Despite the small
๎™„๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
water is critical. The exponential development of
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
led to an enormous rise in freshwater consumption
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
water environment threatens human health in mo s t
countries. It has increased recently along with
economic development and population growth,
primarily from mining, electroplating, and the
production and shipment of batteries. They damage
the body, including the skin, lungs, head, liver, and
kidneys, and cause tumors, birth defects, and other
conditions. Consequently, the quality of drinking
18
water is declining, and there is a need for better
water management and a method for preventing
water contamination and providing pure water [2].
This explains why, for the government and experts,
water contamination has become a s tudy subject
[3]. Both the water and its geographic and seasonal
supply, as well as their surface and groundwater
content, are very important for climate, economic
growth, and development. Because of increased
๎™“๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™œ๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
continue to be long-la s ting. If water is contaminated
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‹๎™’๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
with drinking poisoned water because they have no
alternative. The damage to the human body (skin,
lungs, head, liver, and kidneys) causes tumors, birth
defects, and other conditions. We concluded that
the quality of drinking water is declining because
of increasing population, agricultural practices,
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
water management and a method for preventing
water contamination and providing pure water [2].
Due to the issues above, a sub s tantial focus has
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
less expensive, and long-la s ting wa s tewater
treatment sy s tems that do not add to environmental
s tress or pose a health risk to humans. In recent
years, extensive te s ting has been done to develop
๎™„๎™๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
technologies. Coagulation, membrane processes,
๎™„๎™‡๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™–๎™๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
photocatalytic degradation are some methods
๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒFigure 1, various sources of
pollutants are in the water ๎˜พ๎˜—๎™€.
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
metals from wa s tewater; these can be chemical,
physical, or biological. The mo s t promising
technologies to overcome these con s traints are
adsorption and ion exchange ๎˜พ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎™€. Given the
various indu s trial applications of large quantities
of ion exchange resins consumed after being used
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
conditions, they should be replaced by new
ones [7,8]. This prompted us to look for a less
expensive alternative method of providing it. In
Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Fig. 1. Some sources of pollutants in water ๎˜พ๎˜—๎™€
19
previous work, sulfonation and grafting acrylamide
๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
two ion exchange resins from recycled poly s tyrene
single-used teacup wa s te [9]. They were used as
ion exchangers to determine the total hardness of
๎™—๎™„๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
sulfonation and grafting processes on sulfonated
poly s tyrene, respectively. The grafting process
๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
poly s tyrene resin in removing the hardness of tap
water. Poly s tyrene sulfonating reduces the volume
of solid wa s te and contributes to environmental
cleanliness.
The results of our inve s tigation into the technical
viability are presented in this research using
sulfonated poly s tyrene-g-acrylamide (SPS-Acryl).
Sulfonated poly s tyrene-g-chitosan (SPS-Chit)
derived from poly s tyrene single-use teacups after
sulfonation (SPS) for heavy metal removal in batch
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ
experiments for checking their feasibility if applied
in practice are presented in this research. In addition
to reducing environmental degradation, recycling
this material as an ion exchange material also limits
the exploitation of natural resources.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and in s trument
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
agent; Chitosan (80 mesh, DD = 85) and
acrylamide monomer were used as grafting
materials; nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide
solution were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Cadmium (II) nitrate, iron (III) chloride, and lead
(II) nitrate were purchased from Global Chemical
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ฆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
for heavy metal ions in pollutant samples. The
concentrations of the Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+ heavy
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
absorption spectrometer (F-AAS, Varian๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ค๎˜•๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ
FS, USA). The IKA magnetic s tirrer was purchased
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฎ๎˜ค๎šŠ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ช๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ถ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ฎ๎˜ธ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎˜™๎˜š๎˜”๎˜›๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎˜ถ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜‘
2.2. Sulfonated poly s tyrene preparation (SPS)
The single-use poly s tyrene teacups were collected
and washed several times with tap and di s tilled
water before drying at room temperature. As
mentioned in the literature, sulfonated poly s tyrene
and SPS-g-acrylamide monomers were prepared
[9,10]๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™„๎™–๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
chopped wa s te teacups made of poly s tyrene were
๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
and the mixture was continuously s tirred at room
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™˜๎™›๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜“๎šฑ๎˜™๎˜˜๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
poly s tyrene was obtained through separation and
๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜“๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘
2.3. Synthesis of SPS-g-acrylamide resin (SPS-
g-Acryl)
SPS-g-acrylamide was prepared by grafting
acrylamide monomers onto the prepared SPS.
This was done by weighing 5.0 g of SPS resin and
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™„๎™–๎™Ž๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
a magnetic s tirrer. After that, 5 g of acrylamide
monomer was gradually added. The mixture was
๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
being rinsed with di s tilled water to remove any
non-grafted monomer [10,11]. Scheme 1 shows the
grafting reaction of the acrylamide monomer on the
sulfonated poly s tyrene.
2.4. Synthesis of SPS-g-chitosan resin (SPS-g-Chit)
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™„๎™–๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
the solution was gradually added to 5 g of SPS.
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜“๎šฑ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
allowing the liquid to cool to room temperature.
The white product was dried using a vacuum
desiccator [12,13]. The grafting reaction of the
chitosan on the sulfonated poly s tyrene is depicted
in Scheme 2.
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™
20
2.5. Preparation of heavy metal ion s tandard
solutions
๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
of the element ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+) were
๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ-1 s tokes solutions of
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1 with double-di s tilled water.
The salts of these elements used were FeCl3๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ซ2O,
๎˜ฆ๎™‡๎˜‹๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ3)2๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜ซ2๎˜ฒ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™…๎˜‹๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ3)2 ๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜—๎™€. All the
concentrations of heavy metal ion solutions were
measured before and after each experiment with a
Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (Sens, Japan).
2.6. Heavy metal ions removal in batch method
Batch-mode ion exchange experiments were
performed in beakers under con s tant time and
temperature conditions ๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜™๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ
SPS-g-Acryl, and SPS-g-Chit resins was s tudied
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎šฑ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
changeability and bonding of heavy metal ions
(Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+) to the resins.
Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Scheme 1. The chemical equation of grafting acrylamide onto SPS resin
Scheme 2. The grafting reaction of SPS resin with Chitosan
21
2.7. Study the e๎ฟผect of the pH on the resins by
batch method
One gram of each resin (SPS, SPS-g-Acryl, and SPS-
g-Chit) was treated with 25 ml of prepared aqueous
solutions of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜ƒ [17,18]. Each bottle containing resins
was left at room temperature for an hour of shaking
(175 rpm min-1๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
2.8. Heavy metal ions removal by column
method
This experiment was carried out to inve s tigate the
practicability of using SPS, SPS-g-Acryl, and SPS-g-
Chit resins for heavy metal removal in a continuous
๎›€๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ[19,20]. The water solution containing
a mixture of the three heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+,
and Fe3+) was continuously passed through a vertical
glass column with a height of 20 cm and a diameter of
๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘-1, an inlet heavy metal concentration
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ-1, and 10 g of each prepared resin, as
shown in Scheme 3. All te s ts were run continuously
๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜‘ Finally, the concentrations of the Pb2+,
Cd2+, and Fe3+๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
atomic absorption spectrometer (F-AAS)
2.9. Regeneration of the loaded resins
For regeneration experiments, the be s t-loaded resin
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ
column method was chosen. One gram of the
loaded resin was treated for a half-hour in a column
๎™–๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฒ3 before being washed directly
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
pla s tic bottle samples [21].
2.10. Examination of single and mixture heavy
metal ions by column method
A column with a 15 cm length and a 2.5-mm inner
diameter was chosen for the analytical s tudies. It
was then loaded with 1.0 g of SPS, SPS-g-Acryl, and
๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
(Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘-1
๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
the three ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+) was prepared in
๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
to 8. The column was charged with 1 g of each
resin. The mixture of ion solutions was allowed to
๎›€๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜ƒ
min-1. The descending solution was collected in
portions for each component over an approximately
30-minute interval. The concentrations of the heavy
metals were measured with F-AAS.
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™
Scheme 3. The Schematic diagram for heavy metal ions removal by column method
22
3. Results and Discussion
The sulfonation reaction by sulfuric acid provides
๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ฒ๎˜–๎˜ซ+ attached to the poly s tyrene
backbone chains, giving ion exchange capacity to
the poly s tyrene, which will be a center for the grafted
acrylic monomer and chitosan polymer material
to make up copolymers attached to the sulfonated
poly s tyrene [10-12]. One advantage of this approach
is the ability to precisely modify characteri s tics by
adju s ting the grafting or sulfonating conditions. The
activation of the backbone polymer, the grafting
of a monomer onto the produced polymer and the
๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
of ion-exchange synthesis, yielding a product with
high chemical selectivity [22,23]. Because heavy
metals are typically produced by known sources,
removing them rather than releasing them into
the environment is preferable. The ion exchange
capacity of the made resins is determined by the
nature of the active groups, whose selectivity
varies depending on the heavy metal ions and
๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
the nature of those ions, and the number of active
๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ[10]. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
the changeability of the three heavy metal ions
(Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+) with the active groups of the
prepared resins; SPS, SPS-g-Acryl, and SPS-g-
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
to 8 with an initial concentration of ion solutions of
๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1. Since metal cations attached to -SO3๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜Ž๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
equilibrium was slightly reduced. Therefore, the
metal precipitation did not take place ๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎™€.
3.1. E๎ฟฝciency for heavy metal removal in the
batch method
3.1.1.Sulfonated poly s tyrene resin (SPS)
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
by measuring the concentration of the unabsorbed
๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
the metal ions separately. The results obtained are
shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. It was found that
Pb2+๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎คƒ๎ค€๎ฃผ)
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎ฃบ๎ฃผ๎ค„๎ฃพ๎ฃบ) ๎ฃฝ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜š๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ-1), and Fe3+ has the highe s t
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎คƒ๎ค‚๎ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
prepared resins to work as ion exchange resins for
๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
with a low initial concentration. Using sulfonated
poly s tyrene resin to separate Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+
heavy metal ions from their solutions, Tran and his
coworkers came to the same conclusion ๎˜พ๎˜™๎™€.
Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Table 1. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1)
pH Pb %E๏ถciency Pb Fe %E๏ถciency Fe Cd %E๏ถciency Cd
250.00 0.00 ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜” 99.18 12.77 ๎˜š๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜™
๎˜—๎˜—๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜™ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜› ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜— 98.72 13.51 73.00
๎˜™๎˜—๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜— 7.32 0.72 ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜™ 13.11 73.80
8๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜– ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜— 0.70 ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜“ 11.70 77.00
23
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™
Fig. 3. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ค๎™†๎™•๎™œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡
Fig. 2. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜‘
Table 2.๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๏ถ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ค๎™†๎™•๎™œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1)
pH Pb E๏ถciency Pb% Fe E๏ถciency Fe% Cd E๏ถciency Cd%
2๎˜—๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜– ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜— ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜™ 8.10 17.18 ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜—
๎˜—๎˜—๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜– ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜— ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜˜ 31.50 ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜š 70.30
๎˜™๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜“ ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜“ ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜“ 95.00 ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜™ 71.70
812.53 75.00 0.52 99.00 ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š 81.70
๎˜•๎˜—
3.1.2.Sulfonate poly s tyrene-g-acrylamide (SPS-
g-Acryl)
It is widely under s tood that mo s t polymers used
in water and wa s tewater treatment are acrylamide-
based. The basic acrylamide monomer may be
combined to provide polymers of varying iconicity.
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™‹๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™š๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ
properties based on their monomer characteri s tics
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
SPS-g-acrylamide for water treatment due to its high
cationic charge content. This polymer is primarily
๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜Ÿ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ค๎™†๎™•๎™œ๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™†๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜™๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
three heavy metal ions by SPS-g-Acryl resin, and
the results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. It is
noted that the Pb2+๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1). On the other hand, for Cd2+,
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜—๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1)
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1). While for
Fe3+๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1).
3.1.3.Sulfonated poly s tyrene-grafted-chitosan
(SPS-g-Chit)
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
monomer by the sulfonation process. This process
produces a grafted polymer with improved properties
of this material and increases the crosslinking
process, which leads to the expansion of the
polymeric network [27.28]. When chitosan is grafted
onto this network, it will lead to better properties due
to the high functionality of the chitosan polymer, in
addition to relying on the active groups whose work
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ [29,30]๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
inve s tigated, and the results are shown in Table 3 and
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—. Pb2+๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜›๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ-1๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ-1). Whereas, Cd2+ and Fe3+ ions
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
slightly higher than 99% (Table 3).
3.2. Treatment of single heavy metal ions by
column method
Chromatography is a physical method of analysis
and separation that uses a s tationary phase with a
๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ
through and generally contains the sample. The
ion exchange column belongs to the (solid-liquid)
chromatography category. When a mixture of two
or more ions runs through the column in quantities
that are minor compared to the columnโ€™s total
exchange capacity. It was completely absorbed by
the resin and then separated from its con s tituents
๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ท๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™— to elute out the weakly
๎™…๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
on. Elution is the process of separating these ions
Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Table 3. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1)
pH Pb %E๏ถciency Pb Fe %E๏ถciency Fe Cd %E๏ถciency Cd
2 27.31 ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜› 0.02 ๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜™ 2.53 95.00
๎˜—๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜œ๎˜™ ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜› 0.003 99.99 0.37 ๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™
๎˜™15.38 ๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜— 0.01 99.98 0.35 99.30
87.50 85.00 0.01 99.98 0.35 99.30
25
until they are separated quantitatively. The Flame
atomic absorption spectrometer method is. The
๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
hydrolysis of metal ions. As previously s tated, the
๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
method revealed that the SPS-g-Chit resin was the
๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
metal ions s tudied. Therefore, it was used for the
removal of single metal ions by the column method.
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™…2+๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
Cd2+๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ3+ is
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜™๎˜ˆ๎˜‘
3.3. Treatment of heavy metal ions mixture
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
Pb3+ and Cd2+. The grafting process of SPS with
chitosan added another active group to increase the
๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๏ถ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
due to its high content of amine groups in a rational
manner, where the exchange mechanism depends
on each of the protons of these amine groups or
metal ions, as well as cross-linking, which tends to
enlarge the polymeric network, resulting in better
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ [31]๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ
previous s tudies; adsorption capacities were higher
when the active group concentration increased
[8,10,11]. The resin presented no exchange
๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ3+. This may be due to the ferric
๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎šถ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
lead and cadmium; these ions will compete for the
exchange.
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™
Fig. 4.๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ
Table 4. ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜๎™Š๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ-1)
Time (min) Pb %E๏ถciency Pb Fe %E๏ถciency Fe Cd %E๏ถciency Cd
30 0๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜”๎˜š 98.00 ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™ 0 0.733 95.00
๎˜™๎˜“ 0100 ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™ 0 0.05 ๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜“
90 0 100 ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™ 0 0.037 99.70
120 0 100 ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™ 0 0.022 99.80
150 0 100 ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜™ 0 0.01 99.90
๎˜•๎˜™
3.4. Regeneration of Loaded Resins
The SPS-g-Chit resin was selected for the ion
exchange regeneration resin experiment because
it has the greate s t changeability toward the three
metal ions used in this s tudy (Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+).
Table 5 shows the outcomes that were attained. It
demon s trates that after around an hour of treatment,
the lead and cadmium ions showed the maximum
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
capacity and the ability to use the SPS-g-Chit resin
as an ion exchanger in indu s trial processes.
4. Conclusion
Recycling single-use teacups and shrimp cortex
chitosan as ion exchange materials limits the
extraction of natural resources and reduces
environmental pollution. Ion exchange resins
can be produced and used with less expense
using alternative materials; one such material is
poly s tyrene wa s te that has been sulfonated, and its
grafted acrylamide monomer and chitosan polymer
derivatives have the potential to have a higher ion
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜Ž๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ
levels of 8. In terms of their active groups, chemical
s tructures, and s tereotypical s tructures, the
produced resins varied in performance depending
on the metal ion and resin type used. In conclusion,
as the raw material used to create ion exchange
resin is made from wa s te materials, sulfonated
poly s tyrene and using chitosan originally extracted
from shrimp cortex are thought to be technically
and environmentally possible to remove heavy
metals at a reasonable co s t.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Chemi s try,
College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah,
Iraq for supporting this work.
6. References
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๎˜พ๎˜˜๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™š๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™š๎˜๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎˜ƒ
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๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜œ๎šฑ๎˜—๎˜•๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://doi.org๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘
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๎˜พ๎˜™๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ด๎˜‘๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™Š๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™Š๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™Š๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™˜๎™Š๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
disposal to valuable material: Sulfonating
poly s tyrene wa s te for heavy metal removal,
J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8 (5) (2020) 1-15.
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜–๎˜“๎˜•
๎˜พ๎˜š๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™š๎˜๎˜ƒ
Production, use, and fate of all pla s tics ever
Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
Metal Ion Conc. (mg L-1) Regeneration E๏ถciency(%)
Pb ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜— 99.72
Cd 0.10 99.81
Fe 7.85 ๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜”
Table 5. Regeneration of the SPS-g-Chit resin
27
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™
made, Sci. Adv., 3 (2017) e1700782. https://
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜™๎˜’๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™™๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜š๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜›๎˜•
๎˜พ๎˜›๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™’๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ
Regenerating of consuming ion-exchange
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
wa s tewater treatment, Desalin. Water Treat.,
๎˜•๎˜•๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜’
dwt.2021.27115
๎˜พ๎˜œ๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎™œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™˜๎™–๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
a material of electrolyte polymer, IOP
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(2018) 1-7. ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜›๎˜›๎˜’๎˜”๎˜š๎˜—๎˜•๎˜
๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜–๎˜–
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜“๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™š๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™š๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
recycled poly s tyrene and chitosan based
copolymers for water hardness removal, Bas.
๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://doi.
org/10.29072/basjs.2021311
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜”๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ง๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜
grafted acrylic acid monomer and polymer and
its adsorption of phenol and p-chlorophenol,
Desalin. Water Treat., 150 (2019) 192-203.
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜’๎™‡๎™š๎™—๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜–
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜•๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™„๎™”๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ
of some chitosan acidic derivatives as
dispersants for ceramic alumina powders,
๎˜จ๎™Š๎™œ๎™“๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜•๎˜š๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜”๎˜œ
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜–๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜๎˜บ๎™„๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜‹๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎˜๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™œ๎™‡๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
grafting parameters and swelling s tudies, Am.
๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜™๎˜—๎˜›/j.ajp s t.20190502.13
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜—๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™˜๎™•๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™“๎™–๎™ฌ๎™๎™ฌ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฌ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
Advanced material and approach for metal
ions removal from aqueous solutions, Sci.
Rep., 5 (2015) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/
srep08992
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜˜๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฝ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฝ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜˜๎šฑ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ http๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™›๎˜‘๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™’๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
2015.12.013
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜™๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™Ž๎™•๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ค๎™…๎™…๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™˜๎™‡๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™Ž๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™”๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
wa s te poly s tyrene into adsorbent:
๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
properties, Prog. Rubber Pla s t. Recycle.
๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜œ๎šฑ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://doi.
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜š๎˜š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜—๎˜š๎˜š๎˜š๎˜™๎˜“๎˜™๎˜“๎˜™๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜–
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜š๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎ –๎˜๎™†๎™œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜’๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‡๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜—๎šฑ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘
๎™Œ๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜›๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™’๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™‰๎™˜๎™•๎˜๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎šฑ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜š๎˜•๎šฑ๎˜–๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒhttps://
doi.org/๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”
๎˜พ๎˜”๎˜œ๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™’๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
blue by cedar sawdu s t and crushed brick in
๎šฟ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜–๎šฑ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://doi๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘
๎™๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜™๎˜”
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜“๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™พ๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎™œ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™พ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™ฉ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™™๎™œ๎˜ƒ
metal removal from aqueous sy s tems using
hydroxyapatite nanocry s tals derived from
๎™†๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜ถ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜›๎˜›๎˜–๎šฑ
22890. ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜ฆ๎˜œ๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜“๎˜—๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜ฅ
[21] F. Dardel, T.V. Arden, Ion Exchangers
in Ullmannโ€™s encyclopedia of indu s trial
๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜๎˜น๎˜ฆ๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
https๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜’๎˜”๎˜—๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎™„๎˜”๎˜—๎™‚๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘
pub2
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜•๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‰๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
crosslinked cation exchange membranes by
๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™œ๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ
(2003) 27-38. ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜–๎˜š๎˜™๎˜
28 Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 6 (1) (2023) 17-28
7388(03)00027-9
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜–๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Ž๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™™๎™๎™œ๎™„๎™Ž๎™’๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎šถ๎™œ๎™„๎™Ž๎™’๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Ž๎™’๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™๎™„๎™™๎™—๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
on cross-linked sulfonated poly s tyrene and
polyethylene for power generation sy s tems,
๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒhttps://
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜—๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฝ๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ป๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
Enhanced chitosan\FeO nanoparticles
beads for hexavalent chromium removal
from wa s tewater, Chem. Eng. J., 189
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜™
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜˜๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™•๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™’๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฎ๎™œ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™’๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
for diclofenac pharmaceutical compound
removal from single-component aqueous
solutions and mixtures, Polymers, 11(3)
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ https://doi.org/10.3390/
๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜š
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜™๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎šฒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™œ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒhttps://
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜’๎™“๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜š
๎˜พ๎˜•๎˜š๎™€๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
A natural biopolymer with a wide and
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
25(17) (2020) 3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/
molecules25173981
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